Seismic resistance of frame-cladding buildings having cold-formed galvanized steel construction: review and analysis of current status

Introduction. The behaviors, advantages, and disadvantages of various types of frame-cladding buildings having cold-formed galvanized steel constructions under loads simulating seismic effects are considered. The paper stresses the relevance and demonstrates the problem of the widespread use of light gauge steel framing structures (LGSFS) in earthquake-prone areas in the Russian Federation.

Materials and methods. Normative requirements in different countries for calculating and designing frame-cladding buildings having cold-formed galvanized steel constructions erected in earthquake-prone areas, as well as domestic and foreign literature, were analyzed, using structural, comparative, and matching analyzes, systematization, and theoretical generalization of obtained.

Results. A brief review and analysis of current domestic and foreign standard technical documents, as well as research findings in the field of the calculation and design of frame-cladding buildings having cold-formed galvanized steel constructions erected in earthquake-prone areas, are presented. The recent advances in studying load-bearing and non-load-bearing frame-cladding cold-formed galvanized steel structures and joint elements under simulated seismic loads were reviewed and summarized in order to demonstrate current progress, challenges, and prospects for future research. Differences in current standard technical documents used in the USA and Canada concerning seismic load reduction coefficients, as well as the weaknesses of the European and domestic normative documents in terms of regulating requirements for calculating and designing frame-cladding buildings having cold-formed galvanized steel constructions, erected in seismic areas, were addressed.

Conclusions. The presented data confirm the necessity of theoretical and experimental research and development and improvement of standard technical documents. These documents will allow the reliability and mechanical safety of frame-cladding buildings having cold-formed steel constructions to be improved and their distribution in earthquake-prone areas of Russia to be significantly extended.

1. Allen D. History of cold-formed steel. Structure Magazine. 2006 November:28-32.

2. American Iron and Steel Institute. Specification for the design of light gage steel structural members. Washington, DC; 1946.

3. Winter G. Strength of thin steel compression flanges. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 1947;112(1):527-554. https://doi.org/10.1061/TACEAT.0006092

4. Winter G. Thin-walled steel for modern structures: Thirty years of industry-sponsored research at Cornell. Engineering: Cornell Quarterly, 1972;7(1):2-12. https://doi.org/http://hdl.handle.net/1813/2277

5. Fiorino L., Iuorio O., Macillo V., Terracciano M.T., Pali T., Landolfo R. Seismic design method for CFS diagonal strap-braced stud walls: Experimental validation. Journal of Structural Engineering. 2016;142(3):04015154. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001408

6. Macillo V., Fiorino L., Landolfo R. Seismic response of CFS shear walls sheathed with nailed gypsum panels: Experimental tests. Thin Walled Struct. 2017;120;161-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2017.08.022

7. SP 260.1325800.2016. Thin-walled steel structures made of cold-bent galvanized profiles and corrugated sheets. Moscow: Ministry of Construction of Russia; 2016 (in Russian).

8. SP 14.13330.2018. Construction in seismic areas. Updated version of SNiP II-7-81*. Moscow: Standartinform; 2018 (in Russian).

9. Jinchvelashvili G.A., Sosnin A.V. Features of the use of light steel thin-walled structures in the construction of buildings for various purposes in seismically active regions of Russia. Seismostoikoe stroitel'stvo. Bezopasnost' sooruzhenii = Earthquake engineering. Constructions safety. 2010;(3):57-61 (in Russian).

10. AISI S100-16. North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members. -Washington, DC, USA; 2016. Available at: https://cfsei.memberclicks.net/assets/docs/publications/aisi-standards/aisis100-16s100-16-c_e_s.pdf

11. AISI. S400-15 North American Standard for Seismic Design of Cold Formed Steel Structural Systems. Washington, DC, USA; 2015.

12. ASCE 7-10. Minimim Design Loads for Buildings and other Structures. Reston, VA, USA; 2010.

13. NBCC. National Building Code of Canada. Ottawa, ON, Canada: National Research Council of Canada (NRCC); 2005.

14. EN 1998-1 Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance - Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings. Brussels, Belgium; 2004. Available at: https://www.phd.eng.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/en.1998.1.2004.pdf

15. Adham S.A., Avanessian V., Hart G.C., Anderson R.W., Elmlinger J., Gregory J. Shear wall resistance of lightgage steel stud wall systems. Final technical report, prepared for national science foundation under grant No. R-8716-6263, Dec 1988.

16. Adham S.A., Avanessian V., Hart G.C., Anderson R.W., Elmlinger J., Gregory J. Shear wall resistance of lightgage steel stud wall systems. Earthquake Spectra. 1990;6(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585555

17. Gad E.F., Duffield C.F., Hutchinson G.L., Mansell D.S., Stark G. Lateral performance of cold-formed steelframed domestic structures. Engineering Structures. 1999;21(1):83-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(97)90129-2

18. Schafer B.W., Ayhan D., Leng J., Liu P., Padilla-Llano D., Peterman K.D., et al. Seismic response and engineering of cold-formed steel framed buildings. Structures. 2016;8(2):197-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2016.05.009

19. Buonopane S.G., Bian G., Tun T.H., Schafer B.W. Computationally Efficient Fastener-Based Models of Cold-Formed Steel Shear Walls with Wood Sheathing. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 2015;110:137-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.03.008

20. Ayhan D., Schafer B.W. Cold-formed steel member bending stiffness prediction. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 2015;115:148-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.07.004

21. Peterman K.D., Nakata N., Schafer B.W. Hysteretic Characterization of Cold-Formed Steel Stud-to-Sheathing Connections. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 2014;101:254-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.05.019

22. Liu O., Peterman K.D., Yu C., Schafer B.W. Impact of construction details on OSB-sheathed cold-formed steel framed shear walls. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 2014;101:114-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.05.003

23. Peterman K.D. Behavior of Full-Scale Cold-Formed Steel Buildings Under Seismic Excitations. Ph.D. Dissertation. Baltimore, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University; 2014.

24. Leng J. Simulation of Cold-Formed Steel Structures. Ph.D. Dissertation. Baltimore, Maryland; Johns Hopkins University; 2015.

25. Ayhan D., Qin Y., Torabian S., Schafer B.W. Characterizing Joist-Ledger Performance for Cold-Formed Steel Light Frame Construction. In: Eighth International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures; Lisbon, Portugal; July 2015. p. 22-24.

26. Schafer B.W., D. Ayhan, Leng J., Liu P., Padilla-Llano D., Peterman K.D., et al. Seismic Response and Engineering of Cold-Formed Steel Framed Buildings. Structures. 2016;8:197-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2016.05.009

27. Peterman K.D., Schafer B.W. Experimental Determination of Base Shear from Full-Scale Shake Table Testing of Two Cold-Formed Steel Framed Buildings. In: Proc. of the 8th International Conference on Behavior of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas - STESSA 2015; Shanghai, China; July 1-4, 2015.

28. Bian G., Padilla-Llano D.A., Leng J., Buonopane S.G., Moen C.D., Schafer B.W. OpenSees modeling of cold formed steel framed wall system. In: Proc. of the 8th International Conference on Behavior of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas - STESSA 2015; Shanghai, China; July 1-4, 2015.

29. Hoehler M.S., Smith C.M., Hutchinson T.C., Wang X., Meacham B.J., Kamath P. Behavior of steel-sheathed shear walls subjected to seismic and fire loads. Fire Safety Journal. 2017;91:524-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.021

30. Wang X., Hutchinson T.C., Hegemier G., Gunisetty S., Kamath P., Meacham B. Earthquake and fire performance of a mid-rise cold-formed steel framed building - test program and test results: rapid release (preliminary) report SSRP-2016/07. San Diego, CA; 2016.

31. Fiorino L., Macillo V., Landolfo R. Shake table tests of a full-scale two-story sheathing-braced cold-formed steel building. Engineering Structures. 2017;151:633-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.056

32. Campiche A. Numerical Modelling of CFS Three-Story Strap-Braced Building under Shaking-Table Excitations. Materials. 2021;14(1):118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010118.

33. Latreille P., Nikolaidou V., Rogers C.A., Lignos D.G. Characterization of cold-formed steel framed diaphragm response under in-plane loading and influence of non-structural gypsum panels. In: CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures. St. Louis, MO, USA; 2010. p. 1.

34. Nikolaidou V., Latreille P., Rogers C.A., Lignos D.G. Characterization of cold-formed steel framed/ woodsheathed floor and roof diaphragm structures. In: 6th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (16WCEE), Santiago, Chile, January 9-13, 2017. Santiago, Chile: International Association of Earthquake Engineering; 2017. p. 452.

35. Baldassino N., Bernardi M., Zandonini R., Zordan M. Study of cold-formed steel floor systems under shear loadings. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Thin-Walled Structures (ICTWS 2018); Lisbon, Portugal; 24-27 July 2018.

36. Vieira L.C.M., Schafer B.W. Lateral sti_ness and strength of sheathing braced cold-formed steel stud walls. Engineering Structures. 2012;37:205-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.12.029

37. Peterman K.D., Nakata N., Schafer B.W. Hysteretic characterization of cold-formed steel stud-to-sheathing connections. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 2014;101:254-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.05.019

38. Swensen S., Deierlein G.G., Miranda E. Behavior of screw and adhesive connections to gypsum wallboard in wood and cold-formed steel-framed wallettes. Journal of Structural Engineering. 2016;142(4):E4015002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001307

39. Ye J., Wang X., Zhao M. Experimental study on shear behavior of screw connections in CFS sheathing. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 2016;121:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.12.027

40. Fiorino L., Macillo V., Landolfo R. Experimental characterization of quick mechanical connecting systems for cold-formed steel structures. Advances in Structural Engineering. 2017;20(7):1098-1110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433216671318

41. Fiorino L., Pali T., Bucciero B., Macillo V., Teresa Terracciano M., Landolfo R. Experimental study on screwed connections for sheathed CFS structures with gypsum or cement based panels. Thin-Walled Structures. 2017;116:234-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2017.03.031

42. Serrette R., Nolan D. Wood structural panel to cold-formed steel shear connections with pneumatically driven knurled steel pins. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction. 2017;22:04017002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000321.

43. Jenkins C., Soroushian S., Rahmanishamsi E., Maragakis E. Experimental fragility analysis of cold-formed steel-framed partition wall systems. In: Proceedings of the Structures Congress 2015; Portland, OR, USA; 23-25 April 2015. p. 1760-1773.

44. Jenkins C., Soroushian S., Rahmanishamsi E., Maragakis E.M. Experimental fragility analysis of cold-formed steel-framed partition wall systems. Thin-Walled Structures. 2016;103:115-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.02.015

45. Wang X., Pantoli E., Hutchinson T.C., Restrepo J.I., Wood R.L., Hoehler M.S., et al. Seismic performance of cold-formed steel wall systems in a full-scale building. Journal of Structural Engineering. 2015;141(10):04015014. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001245

46. Magliulo G., Petrone C., Capozzi V., Maddaloni G., Lopez P., Manfredi G. Seismic performance evaluation of plasterboard partitions via shake table tests. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 2014;12:1657-1677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9567-8

47. Fiorino L., Buciero B., Landolfo R. Evaluation of seismic dynamic behaviour of drywall partitions, facades and ceilings through shake table testing. Engineering Structures. 2019;180:103-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.11.028

48. Bubis A.A., Gizyatullin I.R., Dottuev A.I., Nazmeeva T.V. Earthquake resistance of buildings made of framesheathing structures with a frame made of cold-bent galvanized steel profiles. Vestnik NIC Stroitel'stvo = Bulletin of Science and Research Center of Construction. 2021;31(4):98-109 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.37538/2224-9494-2021-4(31)-98-109